Now, Before You Read Our Summaries.
The studies that examine the issue of methylmercury in seafood and its possible negative effects on human health are highly complex, detailed, scientific reports-many of which are published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Others are white papers and federal government reports that are not peer-reviewed before release to the public.
The synopses that are presented in this Web site are intended for the lay public and therefore do not provide the level of detail provided by the original studies, white papers, and federal government reports.
For readers who are interested in learning more about the studies summarized here, the Web site address for the abstract or the information to find the actual study is included in the synopsis. We encourage readers to learn more by visiting those Web sites and/or by getting copies of these scientific papers to learn even more details on the studies that address this important issue.
White papers are not reviewed and accepted by scientific peers before they are first distributed to the general public.
Peer-reviewed, scientific papers are first reviewed and accepted by scientific peers before being published in a peer-reviewed, scientific journal.
Index of Studies
- 2005 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report. Part D: Science Base. Section 4: Fats.
Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2005
- A Quantitative Analysis of Prenatal Intake of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cognitive Development
Joshua T. Cohen, David C. Bellinger, William E. Connor, and Bennett A. Shaywitz, 2005
- A Quantitative Risk–Benefit Analysis of Changes in Population Fish Consumption
Joshua T. Cohen, David C. Bellinger, William E. Connor, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Robert S. Lawrence, David A. Savitz, Bennett A. Shaywitz, Steven M. Teutsch, and George M. Gray, 2005
- A Review of Methylmercury and Child Development
G. J. Myers, P. W. Davidson, and C. F. Shamlaye, 1998
- A Revised Probabilistic Estimate of the Maternal Methyl Mercury Intake Dose Corresponding to a Measured Cord Blood Mercury Concentration
A. H. Stern, 2005
- An Assessment of the Cord Blood: Maternal Blood Methylmercury Ratio: Implications for Risk Assessment
Alan H. Stern and Andrew E. Smith, 2003
- An Exposure Assessment for Methylmercury from Seafood for Consumers in the United States
C. D. Carrington and M. P. Bolger, 2002
- Analysis of the Sierra Club’s Alarmist Claims About the Health Impacts of Mercury
This White Paper is a service of the Center for Science and Public Policy at www.scienceandpolicy.org 2004
- Association Between Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury and Developmental Outcomes in Seychellois Children: Effect Modification by Social and Environmental Factors
Philip W. Davidson; Gary J. Myers; Conrad Shamlaye; Christopher Cox; Ping Gao; Catherine Axtell; Danielle Morris; Jean Sloane-Reeves; Elsa Cernichiari; Anna Choi; Donna Palumbo; and Thomas W. Clarkson, 1999
- Balancing Health and Benefits
Willard C. Willett, 2005
- Benchmark Concentrations for Methylmercury Obtained from the Seychelles Child Development Study
Kenny S. Crump, Cynthia Van Landingham, Conrad Shamlaye, Christopher Cox, Phillip W. Davidson, Gary J. Myers, and Thomas W. Clarkson, 2000
- Blood and Hair Mercury Levels in Young Children and Women of Childbearing Age
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Energy Technology Laboratory, Dept of Energy. National Marine Fisheries Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Center for Health Statistics; National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, 2001
- Blood Levels of Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Sudden Death
Christine M. Albert, Hannia Campos, Meir J. Stampfer, Paul M. Ridker, JoAnn E. Manson, Walter C. Willett, and Jing Ma, 2002
- Blood Mercury Levels in U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age, 1999-2000
Susan E. Schober, Thomas E. Sinks, Robert L. Jones, P. Michael Bolger, Margaret McDowell, Josh Osterloh, E. Spencer Garrett, Richard A. Canady, Charles F. Dillion, Yu Sun, Catherine B. Joseph, and Kathryn R. Mahaffey, 2003
- Blood Organic Mercury and Dietary Mercury Intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 and 2000
Kathryn R. Mahaffey, Robert P. Clickner, and Catherine C. Bodurow. Environmental Health Perspective (EHP). Vol. 112. pp 562–570. 2004.
- Brain Food. What women should know about mercury contamination of fish
J. Houlihan and R. Wiles (Environmental Working Group), J. Wolk and J. Baumann (U. S. Public Interest Research Group), 2001
- Can the Tuna
M. T. Bender, 2003
- Cognitive Performance of Children Prenatally Exposed to ‘‘Safe’’ Levels of Methylmercury
Philippe Grandjean, Pal Weihe, Roberta F. White, and Frodi Debes. Environmental Research. Section A 77. pp 165 – 172. 1998
- Current Hair Mercury Levels in Japanese: Survey in Five Districts
Akira Yasutake, Mituki Matsumoto, Masako Yamaguchi, and Noriyuki Hachiya of the National Institute for Minamata Disease, 2003
- Current Concepts: The Toxicology of Mercury – Current Exposures and Clinical Manifestations
Thomas W. Clarkson, Laszlo Magos, and Gary J. Myers, 2003
- Decline in Fish Consumption Among Pregnant Women After a National Mercury Advisory
Emily Oken, Ken. P Kleinman, Wendy E. Berland, Steven R. Simon, Janet W. Rich-Edwards, and Matthew W. Gillman, 2003
- Delayed Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential Latencies in 14-Year-old Children Exposed to Methylmercury
Katsuyuki Murata, Pál Weihe, Esben Budtz-Jorgensen, Poul J. Jorgensen, and Phillipe Grandjean. Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 44, pp177-83. 2004
- Does Methylmercury Have a Role in Developmental Disabilities in Children?
Gary J. Myers, Philip W. Davidson, 2000
- Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Methylmercury Exposure From Fish Consumption on Neurodevelopment: Outcomes at 66 Months of Age in the Seychelles Child Development Study
P. W. Davidson, G. J. Myers, C. Cox, C. Axtell, C. Shamlaye, J. Sloane-Reeves, E. Cernichiari, L. Needham, A. Choi, Y. Wang, M. Berlin, and T. W. Clarkson. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). Aug; Vol. 280 (No. 8): pp 701-7. 1998
- EPA Mercury MACT [Maximum Achievable Control Technology] Rulemaking Not Justified by Science
W. Soon and R. Ferguson
- Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease
Penny M. Kris-Etherton, William S. Harris, and Lawrence J. Appel, 2002
- Fish, Health, and Sustainability
Anthony J. McMichael and Colin D. Butler, 2005.
- Fish Intake During Pregnancy and Early Cognitive Development of Offspring
J. L. Daniels, M. P. Longnecker, A. S. Rowland, and J. Golding. The ALSPAC Study Team. University of Bristol Institute of Child Health, 2004
- Fishy Advice: The Politics of Methylmercury in Fish and Mercury Emissions
S. Szwarc, 2004
- Focus Pocus
J. Houlihan and R. Wiles, 2002
- Impact of Maternal Seafood Diet on Fetal Exposure to Mercury, Selenium, and Lead
P. Grandjean, P. Weihe, P. J. Jorgensen, T. Clarkson, E. Cernichiari, and T. Videro. Archives of Environmental Health. (AEH) Vol. 47 (No. 3) pp 185 – 195. 1992
- Importance of N-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease
W. E. Connor, 2000
- The Importance of Weight-Normalized Exposure Data When Issuing Fish Advisories for Protection of Public Health
Koenraad Mariën. Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP). Vol. 110, No. 7. 2002
- In Harm’s Way. Toxic Threats to Child Development
T. Schettler, J. Stern, F. Reich, M. Valenti, and D. Wallinga, 2000
- Inorganic Mercury and Methylmercury in Placentas of Swedish Women
Ask, K., A. Akesson, M. Berglund, and M.Vahter, 2002
- Management Options to Reduce Exposure to Methyl Mercury through the Consumption of Fish and Fishery Products by the French Population
A. Crepet, J. Tressou, P. Verger, and J. C. Leblanc, 2005
- Maternal Fish Intake in Late Pregnancy and the Frequency of Low Birth Weight and Intrauterine Growth Retardation in a Cohort of British Infants
I. Rogers, P. Emmett, A. Ness, and J. Golding plus the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) Study Team, 2004
- Mercury and Fatty Acids in Canned Tuna, Salmon, and Mackerel
S.M. Shim, L. E. Dorworth; J.A. Lasrado, and C.R. Santerre, 2005
- Mercury and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men
Kazuko Yoshizawa, Eric B. Rimm, Steven Morris, Vickie L. Spate, Chung-Cheng Hsieh, Donna Spiegelman, Meir J. Stampfer, and Walter C. Willett, 2002
- Mercury Exposure and Child Development Outcomes
P. W. Davidson, G. J. Meyers, and B. Weiss. Pediatrics. 113 (4 suppl) pp. 1023-1029. 2004
- Mercury Falling. An Analysis of Mercury Pollution from Coal-Burning Power Plants
John Coequyt and Richard Wiles, Environmental Working Group; Felice Stadler, Clear Air Network; and David Hawkins, National Resources Defense Council, 2000
- Mercury, Fish Oils, and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Eliseo Guallar, M Inmaculada Sanz-Gallardo, Pieter Van’t Veer, Peter Bode, Antti Aro, Jorge Gomez-Aracena, Jeremy D. Kark, Rudolph A. Riemersma, Jose M. Martin-Morgeno, and Frans J. Kok for The Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group, 2002
- Mercury, Food Webs, and Marine Mammals: Implications of Diet and Climate Change for Human Health
S. Booth and D. Zeller, 2005
- Mercury in Commercial Fish: Optimizing Individual Choices to Reduce Risk
Joanna Burger, Alan H. Stern, and Michael Gochfeld, 2005
- Mercury in Perspective: Fact and Fiction About the Debate Over Mercury
Resources Committee Chairman Richard W. Pombo (R-CA) and Energy and Mineral Resources Subcommittee Chairman Jim Gibbons (R-NV), 2005
- Mercury in the Environment: The Problems, the Risks, and the Consequences
The Annapolis Center for Science-based Public Policy, 2003
- Mercury in the Umbilical Cord: Implications for Risk Assessment for Minamata Disease
C. Dalgard, P. Grandjean, P. J. Jorgensen, and P. Weihe, 1994
- Mercury Levels in High-End Consumers of Fish
Jane M. Hightower and Dan Moore, 2003
- Methyl Mercury and Inorganic Mercury in Swedish Pregnant Women and in Cord Blood: Influence of Fish Consumption
K.A. Bjornberg, M.Vahter, K. Petersson-Grawe, A. Glynn, S. Cnattingius, P. O. Darnerud, S. Atuma, M. Aune, W. Becker, and M. Berglund, 2003
- Methylmercury Exposure and Neurotoxicity
Kathryn R. Mahaffey. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). Vol. 280. pp: 737-738. 1998
- Methylmercury Neurotoxicity Independent of PCB Exposure
Esben Budtz-Jørgensen, Niels Keiding, Philippe Grandjean, Roberta F. White, and Pál Weihe. Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP). May: 107 (5); A pp 236-237. 1998
- Mothers, Babies and Mercury
Sandy Szwarc. The Tech Center Station. April 16, 2004
- The National Toxicology Program. Report of the Methylmercury Workshop
Organized by the Committee on Environmental and Natural Resources (CENR), Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) of The White House. This workshop was held in Raleigh, North Carolina on November 18-20, 1998
- Methylmercury, Fish Consumption, and the Precautionary Principle
F. S. Lipfert, T. Morris, P. Sullivan, P. Moskowitz, and S. Renninger. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association (JAWMA). Vol. 55. No. 4. pp 388-98. 2005
- Neurobehavioral deficits associated with PCB in 7-year-old children prenatally exposed to seafood neurotoxicants
Philippe Grandjean, Pal Weihe, Virlyn W. Burse, Larry L. Needham, Eva Storr-Hansen, Birger Heinzow, Frodi Debes, Katsuyuki Murata, Henrik Simonsen, Peter Ellefsen, Esben Budtz-Jorgensen, Niels Keiding, Roberta F. White, 2001
- Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Seychellois Children Sixty-six Months after in utero Exposure to Methylmercury from a Maternal Fish Diet: Pilot Study
Gary J. Myers, Philip W. Davidson, Christopher Cox, Conrad F. Shamlaye, Martin A. Tanner, Octave Choisy, Jean Sloane-Reeves, David O. Marsh, Elsa Cernichiari, Anna Choi, Mathis Berlin, and Thomas W. Clarkson, 1995
- Nutrition Factors May Modify the Toxic Action of Methyl Mercury in Fish-Eating Populations
T. W. Clarkson and J. J. Strain, 2003
- The One That Got Away. FDA Fails to Protect the Public From High Mercury Levels in Seafood
Michael Bender of Mercury Policy Project and Jane Williams of California Communities Against Toxics. April, 2000
- Perspective: Mercury and Health
P. M. Bolger and B. A. Schwetz, 2003
- Physical and Mental Development of Children with Prenatal Exposure to Mercury from Fish. Stage 1: Preliminary Tests at Age 4
T. Kjellstrom, S. Kennedy, S. Wallis, and C. Mantel, 1986
- Prenatal Methylmercury Exposure as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor at Seven Years of Age
Nicolina Sorensen, Katsuyuki, Esban Budtz-Jorgensen, Pal Weihe, and Philippe Grandjean, 1999
- Prenatal Methylmercury Exposure from Ocean Fish Consumption in the Seychelles Child Development Study
G. J. Myers, P. W. Davidson, C. Cox, C. F. Shamlaye, D. Palumbo, E. Cernichiari, J. Sloan-Reeves, G. E. Wilding, J. Kost, L. S. Huang, and T. W. Clarkson, 2003
- Reality Check: Straight Talk About Mercury
U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Environment, Technology & Regulatory Affairs, 1615 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20062
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Reel Danger. Power Plant Mercury Pollution and The Fish We Eat
E. Figdor, 2004
- Relationship Between Mercury in Blood and 24-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Greenlanders and Danes
Erling B. Pedersesn, Marit E. Jorgensen, Michael B. Pedersen, Charlotte Siggard, Tina B. Sorenson, Gert Mulvad, Jens C. Hansen, Gert Asmund, and Henning Skjoldborg, 2005
- Safety Evaluations of Canned Tuna Containing Residues of Methyl Mercury
Joseph V. Rodrick and James T. Heimbach, 1998
- Seafood Consumption, the DHA Content of Mothers’ Milk and Prevalence Rates of Postpartum depression: A Cross-national, Ecological Analysis
J. R. Hibbeln, 2002
- Sources and Variations of Mercury in Tuna
A. M. Kraepiel, K. Keller, H. B. Chin, F. G. Malcom, and F. M. Morel, 2003
- The Statement Read Before The U.S. Congress
Statement by the University of Rochester Research Team Studying the Developmental Effects of Methylmercury in People as Read by Dr. Gary J. Myers to the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. July 29, 2003
- Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals; Section on Mercury
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 2005
- The Three Modern Faces of Mercury
Thomas W. Clarkson, 2002
- Toxicological Profile for Mercury
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) / Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 1999
- Uncertainties in the Reference Dose for Methlymercury
Michael L. Dourson, Andrea E. Wullenweber, and Kenneth A. Poirier, 2001
- Updated COT Statement on a Survey of Mercury in Fish and Shellfish
Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. Food Standards Agency, Great Britain (The United Kingdom or the U.K. or England), 2002
- Weighing Health Benefit and Health Risk Information When Consuming Sport-Caught Fish
B. A. Knuth, N. A. Connelly, J. Sheeshka, and J. Patterson. Risk Analysis. Vol. 23. pp 1185 -1197. 2003
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